My Work.

Tri-trophic interactions among Hamamelis virginiana, two specialist caterpillars, and a whole mess of parasitoids
The big question: Are caterpillars more likely to be killed by parasitoids depending on the density of their host plant?

For the summer of 2020, I spent my time in the UConn forest, hitting witch hazel trees (H. virginiana) with PVC pipe and grabbing the caterpillars that fell out. Alone, because, you know, pandemic things. Specifically, I was looking for two species of (adorable) lepidopterans, the mustard sallow (Pyreferra hesperidago) and the three-spotted Nola (Nola triquetrana). These two species are specialists - they only eat witch hazel! That fact allowed me to ask a question - does a caterpillar on a lone witch hazel in the woods have a better chance of avoiding predators than one that is in a big patch of witch hazel?

Let's think about that on more human terms - if you were going blueberry picking, with the goal being to collect as many blueberries as possible, would you search in a big patch of blueberry bushes, or go to a single blueberry bush surrounded by non-blueberry plants. The patch, obviously! So shouldn't it be the same for caterpillar predators? If they are searching for a caterpillar that only eats witch hazel, then they would go hunting in more dense patches of witch hazel more often, and kill more caterpillars there.

This idea has a lot of ramifications for plant populations - if their herbivores are more likely to be killed when they grow in dense clusters, then they should cluster much more than they disperse. Since I'm a crazy person, I also mapped out the location of every witch hazel tree in the UConn forest (and nearby Whetten Woods) and, well, things look pretty clustered to me! You can find that map to the right (and you can zoom in as far as you'd like!)

In the future, I'm going to be applying this idea to invasive species. It's possible that, because invasive species naturally grow in such dense clusters, they may be attracting parasitoids that kill caterpillars at insane rates! Then, if the invasive species have no herbivores eating them, they can continue to spread in dense clusters, and continue to attract more parasitoids. Positive feedback loops will undeniably be the downfall of ecosystems.

A caterpillar that's not P. hesperidago or N. triquetrana? Scandalous! This is Phigalia strigitaria and, don't worry, it's still on a witch hazel leaf (though it is a generalist!)

Community interactions between caterpillars and the plants they like
The big question: Are caterpillars more common in dense patches of their host plants?

Okay so this seems like a fairly simple question, but, leave it to ecologists (and by ecologists I mean me, I guess) to try to put an exceptionally complex spin on things. So I ask you, dear reader, what counts as a host plant? This is a fairly simple question for the aforementioned P. hesperidago and N. triquetrana, it's witch hazel. But what about a generalist? If a caterpillar elects to eat red maple nine times out of ten, and birch the other one out of ten, how do those host plants count? Should a dense patch of maple be the same level of "host density" for that caterpillar as a patch of birch? The answer to this question is a metric called electivity. Essentially, this metric asks how likely a caterpillar is to choose one food source over another, accounting for how much of that food source there is. Electivity gives a number between 0-1, and, when you sum all the electivity values for a single caterpillar accross all its different host species, you get 1. So, in the example given above, each birch tree would count as .1 host plants, and each maple tree would count as .9 host plants.

With this framework, I strive to measure how each species of caterpillar's abundance is affect by host plant density. If my hunch is correct, I think that we'll see as host plant density goes up, the density of caterpillars goes down. Why? Well read the tri-trophic interaction block of text above this one! 

Some nice photos from other things I've done.
​Left Column: Dung beetle pitfall trap (Mbuluzi Game Reserve, Eswatini), geothermal vent (Reykjadalur, Iceland), my pet snails I have after an herbivory experiment
Right Column: Collecting Echinacea pollen (Douglas County, MN), Mangroves (Hummingbird Cay, Bahamas), a captured dung beetle (Eswatini) 

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This is just Calvin and Rocky, striking a pose